Key Contributions by Field

Theory of Evolution by Natural Selection — On the Origin of Species (1859)

Photo 51 — X-ray crystallography image revealing DNA's double helix structure

Heliocentrism support, telescope improvements, laws of motion and falling bodies

Theory of Special and General Relativity, E=mc²

Discovery of radium and polonium; first two-time Nobel laureate

Germain primes, contributions to Fermat's Last Theorem, theory of elasticity

Groundbreaking results in number theory, infinite series, and mock theta functions

Laws of Motion, Universal Gravitation, Calculus, Optics

Commentaries on advanced mathematics, astronomy, and Neoplatonist philosophy

Formal logic, systematic biology, ethics, rhetoric, and metaphysics

First algorithm intended for machine execution — the first computer program

Turing machine, breaking Enigma, foundations of computer science and AI

Over 626 compositions including symphonies, operas, concertos, and chamber music

Mona Lisa, The Last Supper, anatomical studies, flying machine designs

Alternating current (AC) system, Tesla coil, wireless energy transmission